Outlines for “A History of the Modern World” 9th
Edition
1. Introduction
a. Religion is deeply integrated into the Middle Ages culture
i. Monarchs are crowned by the Church
ii. Church figures crossed into the feudal system
iii. Cathedral building
2. The Development of the Medieval Church and Papacy
a. Challenges
i. Illiteracy
ii. Doctrinal differences
1. Concubinage
iii. Lay control
b. Reforms
i. HRE
ii. Cluny
1. Recognizes only the authority of Rome
a. Even though Rome at the time is disorganized
iii. Rome
1. Popes are elected by the College of Cardinals
iv. Gregory VII (Hildebrand)
1. Strict disciplined Church
2. Pope is supreme judge over kings
3. Separate Church figures from worldly entanglements
a.
Celibacy
4.
End
lay investiture
a.
Henry
IV HRE
b.
Canossa
c.
Conflict
between HRE and Pope left HRE fragmented
v.
Innocent
III
1.
Realizes
a unified Christian world
2.
Strong
hand in the affairs of states
3.
Fights
heresy
a.
Albigensians
in France
4.
Council
(1215)
a.
Forbid
priests to officiate at ordeals/battles
b.
Control
traffic in relics
c.
Defined
the sacraments as the channel of salvation
d.
Transubstantiation
3.
Scholasticism
a.
By
1200 several universities are formalized
i.
Oxford,
Salerno, Paris, Cambridge
ii.
quickly
gained privileges and property
b.
Subjects
included law, theology and medicine
c.
Theology
i.
Self
criticizing
1.
Abelard: Yes and No
a.
Questions
early Church figures
ii.
Contact
with Arab world exposed Church to classic culture
iii.
Aristotle
become important figure in Church theology
d.
Thomas
Aquinas: Summa Theologica
i.
Faith
and reason could not be in conflict
ii.
Universals
supersede individual examples
e.
Limited
the growth of the natural sciences
i.
subjective
verses objective
f.
Habituated
Europeans to great exactness and disciplined thinking
g.
Feed
academics to examine the doctrines of the Church
4.
The
Crusades
a.
Pope
Urban II 1095 A.D. Holy Land Crusade
i.
Crusade
effort would put heads of state under the Pope’s leadership
b.
Crusades
experienced limited success
i.
Temporary
control of Palestine
c.
Reflected
the growing strength of Europe
d.
Reconquista
in Spain and Sicily were more successful
e.
Internal
Crusades
i.
Heretics,
Heathen
5.
Europe
stands on the threshold of the modern age
a.
China
is more advanced
b.
Europe
is more enterprising
i.
internal
competition/dynamism
ii.
Church
and state distinct
iii.
economic
institutions to promote urban commerce
iv.
parliaments
and courts to apply the rule of codified law
v. institutions of learning challenging old traditions