Outlines for “A History of the Modern World” 9th
Edition
1.
Introduction
a.
Three
factors contributing to the religious conflicts of the 1500s
i.
Dissatisfaction
with the opulence of the Church by the poor
1.
religious
ideas are mixed with class conflict - Mennonites
ii.
Drift
toward autonomy of independent city-states fostered disconnect between the
middle-class and the Church
1.
Church
is feudal in organization and city-states are moving toward modern
organizational models – Calvinists
iii.
Competition
between local kings and lords with the Church over property, taxes,
jurisdiction and influence
1.
Kings
wanted to master their territories
b.
Kings
and city-states realizes their demands
c.
The
lowest class does not
d.
Religious
lines are drawn and over a century of war Protestantism and Catholicism begin
to co-exist 1560 to 1648
2.
Martin
Luther
a.
Found
little personal assurance in salvation through the sacraments
b.
Peace
of mind came through “justification by faith” rather than works
c.
Challenge
to indulgences “95 Theses”
i.
Revolutionary
idea that penance and the priesthood are unnecessary to achieve absolution
d.
Challenges
the authority of the Pope
i.
Claims
there is no earthly authority of God
ii.
The
Bible must be read and interpreted individually
e.
Luther’s
perspectives
i.
Two
sacraments
ii.
No
purgatory
iii.
Transubstantiation
by “presence”
iv.
Clergy
should marry
v.
End
monasticism
vi.
State
should direct religious affairs of the state
vii.
Luther
was excommunicated
1.
Diet
of Worms appeared but did not recant
2.
Found
sanctuary in the dominions of the Northern German Princes
f.
Luther’s
challenges spread
i.
Some
use the opportunity to advance personal interests
1.
Land,
liberty
2.
Extended
Luther’s ideas about religious affairs to state affairs
ii.
Luther
modifies position in face of social rebellions
1.
Clergy
has place over laity for instruction
2.
Submissiveness
to the state
g.
States
in the HR Empire respond to HR Emperor’s aggressive actions against Lutheranism
i.
Demand
among their liberties autonomy in religious matters
ii.
Reform
the church in their area
iii.
Secularized
church property
h.
French
response
i.
Alliance
with Schmalkald
ii.
Overtures
extended to the Ottomans
iii.
Intrigue
with Lutherans
iv.
Keep
Germany divided
i.
Papacy’s
response
i.
Delay
action and avoid a Church Council
j.
Result
i.
Germany
falls into civil war
ii.
Peace
of Augsburg 1555
1.
Victory
for Lutheranism and states rights
a.
States
get to choose religion
b.
Clergy
that convert must leave property of Church
iii.
Lutheranism
spreads to Scandinavia
3.
Calvin
a.
French
origin
b.
Institutes
of the Christian Religion
i.
Challenges
to the Church found application in many areas around the world
c.
Rejected
consubstantiation in favor of symbolic communion
d.
Predestination
i.
Salvation
is by God’s grace – he then destines some to be saved
1.
the
elect
2.
Lives
must reflect the characteristics of one “chosen”
e.
Christianize
the state
f.
Presbyteries
replaced bishops and brought lay figures into the church making the leadership
of the church more secular
g.
Still
the Calvinists were the reverse of secular in their ideas to Christianize all
society
h.
Sets
up a community in Switzerland
i.
Elders
ruled Geneva
ii.
Repressed
frivolous living
iii.
Exiled
non-conformers
iv.
Iconography
was banned
v.
Black
apparel
vi.
Singing
without instruments
i.
Geneva
becomes the capital of Protestantism
i.
Reformers
from around the world study in Geneva and return to their homes to spread
Calvinist ideas
1.
Puritans,
Huguenots, Presbyterian, Congregationalist
j.
Calvinism
and democracy
i.
The
state is subject to moral judgment
ii.
Mechanisms
of democracy evident in election of Presbyteries
iii.
Democratic
view on life roles as all work was Godly
k.
Many
nobles adopted Calvinism to challenge established authorities
4.
The
Reformation in England
a.
Henry
VIII
i.
Devout
Catholic
ii.
Needed
an heir to extend Tudor rule
iii.
Asked
Pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon was aunt of Charles the V
iv.
Henry
took over Canterbury, disestablished Rome and took a new wife – Anne Boleyn
v.
1534
Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy making Henry the head of the Church of
England
1.
Thomas
More refused to take oath of supremacy and was executed
vi.
Closed
the monasteries
vii.
Seized
Church lands and established gentry
viii.
Maintained
“Catholic” rites – transubstantiation
ix.
Soon
to be challenged within England from Protestants
b.
Edward
VI is Protestant but dies young
c.
Mary
– daughter of Catherine of Aragon
i.
Tries
to re-Catholicize England
ii.
Marries
Philip of Spain –
iii.
Burns
300 Protestants at the stake
iv.
Unpopular
queen dies young
d.
Elizabeth
I 1558 – daughter of Anne Boleyn
i.
Could
not be Catholic – illegitimate
ii.
English
Church is run by the crown through Parliament
iii.
English
replaces Latin
iv.
Much
doctrine was vague
v.
Established
Church of England over Ireland
5.
Consolidation
of Protestantism by 1560
a.
The
institution of Latin Christendom was broken
b.
All
Protestants
i.
Rejected
papal authority
ii.
Rejected
special character of the priesthood
iii.
Protestant
clergy could marry
iv.
No
monasteries
v.
Replaced
Latin with vernacular
vi.
Reduced
sacraments to two or three
vii.
Denied
transubstantiation
viii.
Gave
up the confessional and priestly absolution
ix.
Denied
the concept of purgatory
x.
Gave
up the saints and cult of the Virgin
xi.
True
source of Christianity was the Holy Scripture
xii.
Allowed
private judgment in matters of conscience
c.
Economic
motivations of Protestant movements were secondary to religious convictions
d.
Protestantism
and the family
i.
Parenthood
become honorable for Protestant leaders
ii.
Autonomy
of women was lost and domestic roles defined