Outlines for “A History of the Modern World” 9th
Edition
1.
The
Dutch Republic
a.
Dutch
Civilization and Government
i.
Republic
of the Netherlands was the most wealthy, flourishing, and most important in
international diplomacy and culture
ii.
Wealth
helped to avoid direct war
1.
Cultural
achievements
a.
literature
b.
Spinoza
c.
Leeuwenhoek
– biolobical science
d.
Huyghens
– improved the telescope, wave theory of light
e.
Anna
Maria van Schurman – education of women
f.
Painting
i.
common
people
ii.
burghers
– personal simplicity in the face of wealth
2.
Religion
a.
tolerance
b.
Calvinists
split – orthodox regroup – stay split
c.
Catholics
are granted rights
d.
Jews
were welcomed
e.
Christian
sects found refuge
i. Pilgrims
The
Dutch Part Two
1.
Dutch
shipping controlled most of Europe’s shipping
a.
Carriers
between France, Spain, England, and the Baltic
b.
1602
founded the Dutch East India Company
i.
began
to displace the Portuguese
ii.
Founded
Jakarta (Batavia)
c.
Trade
with Japan was achieved by 1600
i.
Japan
was very isolationist
ii.
Expelled
all other Europeans
d.
1612
New Amsterdam
e.
1621
the Dutch West India Company
f.
1652
Cape of Good Hope
i.
Afrikaners
g.
1609
the Bank of Amsterdam
i.
Exchanged
European currency for gold florins
ii.
Florins
became the currency of trade
iii.
Amsterdam
is the financial center of Europe until 1790s
h.
High
Mightinesses – estates general passed on interests of the provinces
i.
Stadholder
– elected representative of the province
i.
Most
provinces elected the same person head of the house of Orange
ii.
Much
status but the burghers were running the financial affairs of the country
iii.
When
the country was threatened the status of the stadholder went up
1.
The
stadholder had not be selected for 22 years as peace prevailed
iv.
William
III of Orange changes the role of the stadholder
1.
Disliked
pomp and circumstance
2.
Preferred
to focus on the affairs of state
3.
1677
married Mary Stuart (king of England’s niece)
2.
Foreign
Affairs: Conflict with English and
French
a.
1651
England passes the Navigation Act
i.
Ships carrying goods to England or England’s
colonies must be from England or the country of origin – not middle party
1.
aimed
directly at the Dutch
ii.
Dutch
must salute English ships when in the English Channel
iii.
1652
– 1674 three wars take place
1.
English
take New Amsterdam
b.
1667
Louis XIV takes the Spanish Netherlands (southern provinces) and the French
Comte
i.
Dutch
form the Triple Alliance with the English and the Swedes
ii.
Louis
XIV drops claim to Spanish Netherlands briefly
c.
1673
Louis XIV take three provinces of the Spanish Netherlands
i.
Dutch
are unable to defend them against the French army
ii.
1673
Dutch make William III stadholder and make the office hereditary
1.
William
III moves the Dutch toward absolutism and works to centralize his power with
limited success
2.
William
III develops a new alliance
a.
Denmark,
Brandenburg, Austria, and Spain
b.
Dutch
and Hapsburg alliance illustrates the complete shift to balance of power
politics
3.
1678
unstable peace is made with France
a.
Spain
loses the French Comte
b.
HRE
loses city-states in Flanders
c.
Dutch
provinces are preserved
iii.
1689
William III becomes king of England
1. Fate of European affairs turn as England becomes the sword of William’s balance of power political strategies